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Research has shown that religiosity and moral disapproval have a strong influence
on perceived sex/porn addiction. For example, Grubbs and colleagues
<ref>Grubbs, J. B., Sessoms, J., Wheeler, D. M., & Volk, F. (2010). The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory: The development of a new assessment instrument. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17(2), 106–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720161003776166</ref>
<ref>Grubbs, J.B., Exline, J.J., Pargament, K.I. et al. Transgression as Addiction: Religiosity and Moral Disapproval as Predictors of Perceived Addiction to Pornography. Arch Sex Behav 44, 125–136 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z</ref> found that religiosity and moral disapproval were strong predictors of
perceived pornography addiction, even when actual pornography use was
controlled.

Other researchers have reported similar findings
<ref>Abell JW, Steenbergh TA, Boivin MJ. Cyberporn Use in the Context of Religiosity. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 2006;34(2):165-171. doi:10.1177/009164710603400206</ref>
<ref>Dominguez, Amy W., Donald Ferrell, and W. A. Kwee. "Sexual addiction and Christian college men: Conceptual, assessment, and treatment challenges." J Psychol Christ 26 (2007): 3-13.</ref>
<ref>Leonhardt ND, Willoughby BJ, Young-Petersen B. Damaged Goods: Perception of Pornography Addiction as a Mediator Between Religiosity and Relationship Anxiety Surrounding Pornography Use. J Sex Res. 2018 Mar-Apr;55(3):357-368. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1295013. Epub 2017 Mar 13. PMID: 28287845.</ref>
. Regarding pornography use, Thomas
<ref>Thomas, Jeremy N. "Outsourcing moral authority: The internal secularization of evangelicals’ anti‐pornography narratives." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52.3 (2013): 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12052</ref>
<ref>Jeremy N. Thomas (2016) The Development and Deployment of the Idea of Pornography Addiction Within American Evangelicalism, Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 23:2-3, 182-195, DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1140603</ref>
applied archival analysis to trace the creation and deployment of the addiction
framework among evangelical Christians. Other scholars have reported that the
concept of sex addiction emerged in the 1980s as a socially conservative response
to cultural anxieties, and has gained acceptance through its reliance on
medicalization and popular culture visibility
<ref>Reay, B., Attwood, N. & Gooder, C. Inventing Sex: The Short History of Sex Addiction. Sexuality & Culture 17, 1–19 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-012-9136-3</ref>
<ref>Voros, F. (2009). The invention of addiction to pornography. Sexologies, 18(4), 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2009.09.007</ref>.

The sex/porn addiction model assumes that sexual behaviors as a coping
mechanism are an indicator of addiction, but it does not consider the possibility
that sex may be a positive coping mechanism. However, scholars have realized
that various sexual and erotic activities may function as legitimate leisure
experience, which can be salubrious, rather than necessarily maladaptive, ways of
coping (i.e.,
<ref>Berdychevsky, Liza, and Galit Nimrod. "Sex as leisure in later life: A netnographic approach." Leisure Sciences 39.3 (2017): 224-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1189368</ref>
<ref>McCormack, Mark, and Liam Wignall. "Enjoyment, exploration and education: Understanding the consumption of pornography among young men with non-exclusive sexual orientations." Sociology 51.5 (2017): 975-991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516629909</ref>
<ref>Meaney, G. J., & Rye, B. J. (2007). Sex, sexuality, and leisure. In R. McCarville & K. MacKay (Eds.), Leisure for Canadians (pp. 135-144). State College, PA: Venture</ref>
<ref>Mock, Steven E., and Erica M. Hummel. "Sexual minority adults at a seasonal home campground: An examination of common, unique, and diverse leisure motivations." Leisure Sciences 34.2 (2012): 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.652507</ref>
<ref>Mock, Steven E., et al. "Deeper leisure involvement as a coping resource in a stigmatized leisure context." Leisure/Loisir 37.2 (2013): 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2013.801152</ref>
<ref>Williams, D. J., et al. "Is bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadomasochism recreational leisure? A descriptive exploratory investigation." The Journal of Sexual Medicine 13.7 (2016): 1091-1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.001</ref>). Indeed,
sexuality scholars have recognized the need to expand professional understanding
of sexuality and the importance of diversity and pleasure as pertaining to
individual health
(i.e., <ref>Anderson, R. Positive sexuality and its impact on overall well-being. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 56, 208–214 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-012-1607-z</ref> <ref>Diamond, Lisa M., and David M. Huebner. "Is good sex good for you? Rethinking sexuality and health." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6.1 (2012): 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00408.x</ref><ref>Hull, Terence H. "Sexual pleasure and wellbeing." International Journal of Sexual Health 20.1-2 (2008): 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317610802157234</ref><ref>Satcher D, Hook EW, Coleman E. Sexual Health in America: Improving Patient Care and Public Health. JAMA. 2015;314(8):765–766. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6831</ref>).

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